Electric vehicles (EVs) require charging in order to operate. There are a few key things to understand about how EV charging works:
How to Charge
EVs are charged by plugging into an electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), commonly referred to as a charger. There are different ports and plug types:
- Most EVs use the SAE J1772 plug. This is a rounded 5-pin connector.
- Tesla vehicles use a proprietary plug called the Tesla connector. Adaptors are available to connect a Tesla to a J1772 charger.
- Some EVs and chargers support DC fast charging using the CHAdeMO or CCS plug types. These enable rapid charging.
Charging Cost
Charging an EV at home costs a fraction of fueling a gasoline vehicle. Electricity rates vary, but the national average is around 15 cents per kWh. A full charge for an EV with a 60 kWh battery would cost around $9 at this rate.
Charging Time
How long it takes to charge an EV depends on the charger type and voltage:
- Level 1 charges at 120V on a regular household outlet. This adds about 4 miles of range per hour of charging. Full charges can take over 24 hours.
- Level 2 charges at 240V on a dedicated circuit. This can add 10-25 miles per hour of charge time. A full charge takes 4-10 hours.
- DC fast charging operates at up to 800V to enable rapid charging. This can add 60-200 miles of range in 15-45 minutes.
Level 1 EV Chargers
Level 1 EV chargers, sometimes called Level 1 charging stations, provide charging through a regular 120V AC plug. Level 1 is the slowest charging speed, but requires no additional installation other than plugging into an ordinary 3-prong outlet.
A Level 1 EV charger draws around 1.4-1.9kW of power, which translates to a charge time of 4-5 miles of range per hour of charging. For most EVs with average range, Level 1 can provide a full charge overnight in 8-12 hours.
The benefit of Level 1 EV charging is that it is widely compatible with any home or public outlet. It does not require scheduling an electrician for installation. The charger can simply be plugged into any available grounded outlet, often using an included adapter.
Level 1 is the most affordable option as no additional electrical service upgrades are needed. The chargers themselves range from $200-$500. The cost per charge depends on local electricity rates, but is typically only a few dollars for a full overnight charge.
The tradeoff is Level 1 charging provides very slow speeds compared to Level 2. So it may not provide enough range over a few hours to cover daily driving. Level 1 works best for infrequent use or as a backup to faster Level 2 charging.
Level 2 EV Chargers
Level 2 EV chargers are faster than Level 1 and can fully recharge an electric vehicle typically within 4-8 hours. This makes Level 2 ideal for overnight charging at home.
The key benefit of Level 2 EV chargers is the faster charge time. A Level 1 charger on a 110V household outlet will only provide 2-5 miles of range per hour of charging. Level 2 EV chargers operate on 240V circuits and provide 10-20 miles of range per hour of charging.
To install a Level 2 charger, an electrician must upgrade the electrical service to a 240V circuit with a capacity of at least 30 amps. This ensures your home’s electrical panel can handle the increased load. Installation costs typically range from $600-$1200 depending on if a new circuit needs to be run.
Ongoing costs are related to electricity usage. Level 2 EV chargers consume 6-10kW of power during charging sessions. At average residential electricity rates, drivers can expect to pay $0.10-$0.30 per kWh. Cost per mile of range charged varies based on the EV’s efficiency but averages $0.02-$0.04 per mile.
Overall, Level 2 EV chargers require an upfront installation investment but provide significantly faster charging at reasonable energy costs. For most homeowners, Level 2 is the best option for conveniently charging their EV overnight at home.
Who Can Install an EV Charger
Installing an EV charger at home requires making modifications to your electrical system, so it’s primarily an option for homeowners rather than renters. Renters may be able to request permission from their landlord to install a charger, but the landlord would likely pay for the equipment and installation.
Homeowners with houses have the most flexibility for installing EV chargers. With a house, you likely have a private garage or driveway where you can easily charge without worrying about others unplugging your vehicle. Apartment complexes and condos may offer EV charging stations in common parking garages, but it’s less convenient to rely on those versus home charging you control.
Public parking like street parking or commercial parking garages generally don’t offer EV charging yet. Cities are beginning to install public curbside charging stations on streets, but access to those is limited. Until public charging infrastructure improves, it’s ideal to have home charging if you own an EV.
What to Look for in an EV Charger
When selecting a home EV charger, there are several key features to consider:
Safety Features
Look for UL certified chargers that have built-in safety features like temperature monitoring and auto shut-off. Choose a charger with a cable that won’t overheat. Ensure any outdoor chargers are weather/water resistant. Select a charger with proper current and voltage ratings for your electrical system.
Outlet vs Hardwired
Outlet EV chargers plug into a 240V outlet without any special wiring. Hardwired chargers are permanently connected to your home’s electrical system. Hardwired can charge faster but outlet chargers are portable if you move.
Connector Type
Make sure the charger connector matches your EV’s charge port. Most are J1772 standard but some EVs use CCS or CHAdeMO ports. Tesla has its own connector. Check your car specs.
Cord Length
Measure the distance from your electrical outlet to where the car parks. Make sure the charger cord reaches your EV without straining or needing an extension cord. Longer cords provide more parking flexibility.
Scheduling
Many chargers allow you to schedule charging sessions to take advantage of lower electric rates. Scheduling can also balance home energy loads.
App Features
Chargers with WiFi and apps allow monitoring, scheduling, access controls, and notifications from your smartphone. Compare app functionality when choosing a charger.
Hiring an Electrician
Installing an EV charger requires hiring a licensed electrician to handle the electrical work. This is an important step that should not be skipped. Here are some tips for finding and working with an electrician:
- Find a licensed electrician in your area that has experience with EV chargers. Look for reviews and recommendations from others who have installed a home charger.
- Get quotes from at least 3 electricians so you can compare pricing. Explain the make and model of the EV charger you plan to install and ask for a written estimate for the full cost including equipment, labor and permits.
- The electrician will handle key tasks including:
- Inspecting your electrical panel to ensure sufficient capacity for the charger and handling any necessary upgrades
- Running conduit and wiring from the electrical panel to the charger location
- Installing the outlet or hardwiring the charger
- Applying for necessary permits and scheduling inspections
- Ensuring the installation meets NEC and local codes
- Discuss with the electrician ahead of time if any construction work like drywall repair will be needed after installation. Not all electricians handle these finishing tasks.
- Agree on a timeline for the installation and get contact information for checking status updates.
Hiring a qualified, licensed electrician to handle the EV charger installation is important for safety and making sure the work complies with electrical codes. Take time to find the right electrician for the job.
EV Charger Installation Costs
Installing an EV charger at home does require an investment, but many find the convenience worthwhile. The total costs will depend on the charger equipment you select and complexity of the electrical work needed.
Equipment Costs
The EV charger unit itself will likely cost $200 to $1000, with most good quality Level 2 chargers in the $400 to $800 range. More expensive “smart” chargers come with WiFi connectivity, apps, scheduling features, and longer cords. Basic chargers without the bells and whistles are more affordable.
Electrical Work Costs
Electrical work makes up a significant portion of the overall installation cost. The complexity of the work will determine how much an electrician charges. Simple, straightforward installations will be cheaper, while jobs requiring panel upgrades or trenching for new wiring will cost more. Expect to pay at least $500 to $1000 for electrical labor.
Total Installation Cost Range
In total, a basic EV charger installation with a 50 amp circuit from your electrical panel and a standard wall-mounted charger will likely run $1000 to $2000. More complex installs requiring significant electrical upgrades can cost up to $4000, but are less common for residential applications.
EV Charger Installation Process
Installing a home EV charger requires careful planning and preparation. Here are the key steps involved:
Get an Electrician Estimate
The first step is to get an estimate from a licensed electrician. They will evaluate your electrical panel and wiring to determine if an upgrade is needed and provide a quote for the installation work. Make sure to get quotes from 2-3 electricians before selecting one.
Apply for Permits
Most localities require an electrical or building permit to install an EV charger. Your electrician can usually handle pulling the necessary permits for you. The permit application will require details about the make and model of the EV charger along with its electrical load requirements.
Electrical Panel Upgrade (If Needed)
If your home’s electrical panel cannot handle the extra load from the EV charger, an upgrade will be required. This usually involves replacing the panel and re-running some of the electrical wiring. Panel upgrades can add $1,000 or more to the total cost.
Run New Wiring
The electrician will run new dedicated wiring from your electrical panel to the outlet or hardwired charging station location. This is done by wiring through walls, crawl spaces, basements or attics.
Mount and Connect the Charger
The final step is mounting the wall connector or charging station and connecting it to the new wiring. The electrician will test everything to ensure it is working properly and meets electrical code requirements.
Inspection
Once the installation is complete, the local building inspector will come out and inspect it before final approval. The electrician will take care of scheduling the inspection.
The entire installation process usually takes 1-3 days depending on the complexity of the job. With proper planning and hiring a qualified electrician, you’ll be charging your EV at home in no time!
Popular Home EV Chargers
When choosing a home EV charger, you’ll want to look at the top models on the market to find the best option for your needs and budget. Below are some of the most popular Level 2 home EV chargers:
- ClipperCreek HCS-40 – One of the top selling home EV chargers, the HCS-40 offers a compact, weatherproof design with a 25 foot charging cable. It can charge at up to 32 amps and 7.7 kW. Priced around $500.
- JuiceBox 40 – A smart EV charger by Enel X, the JuiceBox 40 can adjust its power output and schedule charging through a mobile app. It has a 24 foot cable and can charge up to 40 amps. Priced around $650.
- Siemens VersiCharge – This sturdy, hardwired EV charger is UL listed for safety and can charge at up to 30 amps. It has an LED charging indicator and 20 foot cable. Priced around $600.
- ChargePoint Home Flex – With a flexible power output from 16 to 50 amps and a 25 foot cable, this charger can integrate with the ChargePoint app for usage tracking and control. Priced from $700.
- Grizzl-E Classic – A budget option priced under $500, Grizzl-E offers a weatherproof NEMA 14-50 plug EV charger with a 24 foot cable that charges at 40 amps.
When comparing the top models, look at the amperage to meet your needs, connector type, cable length, wifi/app capabilities, and price. Consider how smart features like usage tracking and scheduling could benefit you.
Choosing the Right Home EV Charger
When selecting an EV charger for your home, there are several factors to consider:
Assess Your Needs
Think about your daily driving habits and needs. Do you need a Level 1 or Level 2 charger? Level 1 provides about 3-5 miles of range per hour of charging, while Level 2 can provide 10-20 miles per hour. For most, a Level 2 charger is recommended for convenient overnight charging.
Also consider if you need a smart WiFi-enabled charger. These allow you to monitor and control charging via an app, and can optimize charging when electricity rates are lowest.
Hardwired vs Plug-In
Hardwired EV chargers are permanently connected to your home’s electrical system. This provides the fastest charging speed but requires hiring an electrician. Plug-in chargers simply plug into an existing 240V outlet, making them easier to install, but may charge slightly slower.
WiFi Connected
Many EV chargers now come with WiFi connectivity and companion apps. This allows you to monitor charging status, schedule charging times, set charging levels, and more all from your smartphone. If these smart features appeal to you, look for a WiFi enabled charger.
Compatibility with Your Vehicle
Ensure any charger you get is compatible with the charging port on your electric vehicle. Most support J1772, but some Tesla models require a Tesla connector.
Expert Tips
Electricians recommend getting the highest amperage charger your electrical system can support, as this will provide the fastest charging speeds. Also be sure to check any HOA requirements before installing a charger. Selecting a UL certified charger from a reputable brand is also advised for safety and reliability.